Recalling when pioneer LaVannes Squires broke KU basketball's color line

Part II in racial integration in KU basketball history:

Just in 1947, Kansas basketball coach Phog Allen said that African Americans shouldn’t play basketball at KU, but instead compete in track and field, because that sport “didn’t require as much body contact as basketball.” And a year later when Allen called a team meeting explaining all the problems it would cause for an African American to play basketball at KU, the legendary coach had a change of heart in 1950 when he finally signed his first black player — LaVannes Squires from Wichita (Kan.) East High School, a 6-1 slender guard who played for KU graduate and former star player Ralph Miller under Allen. One year later, he and Gene Wilson from Kansas State became eligible and were the first black players in the Big Seven.

Squires was an exceptional gentleman and outstanding citizen and student, but played sparingly at KU. According to Butch Ellison, a black player at KU in the late 1950s and early 1960s and a KU sports historian, Kansas and Allen actually were more interested in Cleo Littleton, who was Squires’ teammate at Wichita East and also a black player.

 “They wanted Cleo Littleton," Ellison told me in 2007. "They wanted a package deal.”

It didn’t work out. While Squires signed with Kansas, Littleton opted to play for Wichita State the next year in 1951 when Miller was hired by WSU. He became an All-American and one of the best players in WSU history. Littleton was the forerunner who helped Wichita State break into national prominence in college basketball. He was the first college player west of the Mississippi River to score more than 2,000 points in a career and finished with 2,164, which still ranks No. 1 all time at WSU.

Littleton’s jersey (No. 13) is one of only four retired in the Shocker basketball program. He remains the only men’s basketball player in Missouri Valley Conference history to be named first-team all-conference four times. In 1953-54, Littleton led WSU to a 27-4 record and the team’s first-ever berth in the NIT.

As for Squires? 

He earned a Freshman Basketball Award in 1950-51 before scoring 32 points in his three-year career in 33 games for 1.0 points per game. The Wichita native also battled lung ailments. According to the KU Media Guide, he was actually supposed to contend for a starting guard position his junior year in 1952-53 before being sidelined by his lung problem. KU marched to the national finals that season before losing to Indiana while winning the national title the previous year.

The Jayhawks had another reason, and arguably an even more important one, for signing Squires in 1950. With KSU’s signing of Wilson, Allen wasn’t about to let the Wildcats and head coach Jack Gardner have the upper hand.

In Jesse Newman's 2009 book, "Local Sports Hero: The Untold Story of the University of Kansas Sports and Wesley B. Walker," longtime KU radio announcer Max Falkenstein said:

“Doc Allen used to joke, You’ve got to fight fire with fire. If the other team has a Jewish player, you’ve got to get a Jewish player. ... if they’ve got a Polish player, we’ve got to get a Polish player...if Kansas State has a black player, we've got to get a black player.”

While KU matched Squires for Wilson, Wilson was a player who Falkenstein said “did so well, no one could touch him, he ran circles around everybody.”

Wilson’s career was interrupted by military service and averaged 4.2 points and 3.8 rebounds in just six games during the 1954-55 season.

Falkenstien talked previously to the Chicago Tribune on March 28, 1986 about Allen’s signing of Squires. Mike Kiley of the Tribune wrote that “Kansas` team in the early 1950s was integrated, in part, because of the idiosyncratic nature of legendary coach Phog Allen.”

Falksenstien said: ''Doc (Allen) said you matched an Italian against an Italian, a Jew against a Jew. So, when Kansas State signed a black player (Gene Wilson), he courted LaVannes Squires from Wichita.''

Squires, who didn’t make the traveling team until his junior season, came from humble beginnings. According to his Wikipedia page, he was born in Hartsdale, Mo., as the eighth of 12 children to parents Arthur and Charlotte Squires. Squires’ dad died when he was age 3, and his mother just had a fifth-grade education. Still, she inspired LaVannes and her children with her unwavering and courageous work ethic. Squires grew up filling coal bins, working in wheat fields, doing construction work, and digging graves in a cemetery.

He served as a captain for Miller at Wichita East, earning All-City and All-State honors his senior year. Nicknamed “Felix the Cat” for his quickness and slender build, Squires graduated in the top-10 percent of his class and became the first in his family to attend college.

In his first game as a Jayhawk at Hoch Auditorium in KU’s 57-46 victory over Baylor on Dec. 3, 1951, Squires scored four points on 2-of-3 shooting. He was listed as the 10th man on KU’s box score in the Lawrence Journal-World.

Here’s Bill Mayer comments after the game:

“Coach Allen used 10 boys last night in an obvious attempt to develop a second platoon to spell his regulars. Johnson, Dyer, Squires, Heithholt and Born show promise of becoming a capable set of shock troops and may give the Jays the depth they didn’t have last year.”

Mayer also wrote specifically about Squires:

“LaVannes Squires, the Wichita sophomore who last night became the first Negro to perform on a KU varsity cage team, may be one of the boys who will help Kansas this year if his initial effort is any criterion.”

“LaVannes played high school ball under Ralph Miller when he was at Wichita East,” Coach Allen said. “He shows fine early coaching and has a lot of fire, enthusiasm and ability. If he continues to improve as he has in the past few weeks, he’ll play a lot for us.”

Mayer wrote that, “Squires, according to the Kansas coach, is well-liked by his teammates, so it appears there will be absolutely no antagonism there. The crowd in Hoch Auditorium last night also went for the hustling 6-2, 165-pounder.”

Squires did not play much that season or his entire career. He played in just 13 more games (14 total for what would be a career high in games) during that 28-3 NCAA championship season and scored 11 points all year. Squires scored a career-high 12 points his junior season, and then just nine points his senior year. He made 11 career field goals and 10 career free throws.

He was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and the Owl Society, an honorary organization for junior men.

In Squires' Wikipedia page, "Coach Allen came under fire in 1953 from sports editor Jim Hall when he left Squires at home in Lawrence when the Jayhawks were set to play Tulane and LSU. The prestigious Jayhawks lost both games and their prestige by bending over to Southern Jim Crow laws."

While Squires was mainly a practice and role player who pushed his teammates tirelessly in practice, he was a groundbreaking player and set the foundation for future black athletes like Maurice King, Bob Lockley (the third black player at KU who played in eight games during the 1955-56 season and scored nine points) and Wilt Chamberlain to be recruited, in addition to countless other African-Americans who followed Squires' lead.

If not for Squires breaking the KU color line, it is doubtful Chamberlain would have ever attended KU.

The progressive student newspaper, The University Daily Kansan, hoped that change was on its way in the early 1950s to overturn the Jim Crow practices that had pervaded Lawrence for the first half of the 20th century.

“It is time that racial discrimination was ended,” an editorial writer for the University Daily Kansan wrote in 1952. 

“It is time we ended it here at the University of Kansas.”

Many KU basketball fans, though, weren’t ready for a black player on the team in 1951. While Mayer wrote favorably at the time over the crowd reaction to Squires during his first game at KU, he painted a different story in an Aug. 14, 2009 article in the Journal-World. 

Mayer first wrote about the discrimination and racism KU’s first modern-day football black players (the first African-American football player at KU was Ed Harvey in, yes, 1893) endured in halfbacks John Francisco and John Traylor, who came to KU with head coach Chuck Mather in 1954 from Massillon, Ohio. 

“Since this was the 1950s, they ... were stung by the same kinds of racial barbs as was Ed Harvey more than 60 years earlier. It happened on the road and at home. Vicious and demeaning, both places. Bear in mind that Lawrence, the state of Kansas and the Big Seven-Big Eight Conference were not exactly hotbeds of liberalism in those days. Some of KU’s Kansas City alumni actually got up and left the stadium the first few times coach Mather sent Francisco and Traylor into action.”

Then, Mayer addressed Squires’ first home game at KU:

“Matter of fact, several of the KU ‘faithful’ who walked out on the Massillonians were the same ones who took a huffy hike from Hoch Auditorium the night Phog Allen broke the basketball color line with LaVannes Squires in the early 1950s.”

Squires wound up graduating with a business degree in the top-10 percent of his class and worked for the “Look” Magazine Subscription Office in Des Moines as a junior accountant. He eventually became manager of the accounting department of the magazine office before becoming a successful businessman in the banking profession. 

He is now age 88. It is never easy to be a pioneer and the first to break a racial barrier, as the great and legendary Jackie Robinson would attest, so I can only imagine the great adversity LaVannes endured being the first black basketball player at Kansas and living in segregated Lawrence in the early 1950s. I hope LaVannes, who has never come back to any of KU basketball reunions and lives in Pasadena, Calif., is at peace with his KU experience and fervently hopes he returns to Lawrence and is rightfully honored in a resounding celebration at Allen Fieldhouse. That is what he deserves. KU owes that to him. While LaVannes didn’t stand out as a player, he stood out immensely as a pioneer who should be recognized for his outstanding, brave and courageous efforts.

I’m thinking of you LaVannes Squires, ever since I first found out about you and did my research during my 82-page senior honors thesis at KU on racial participation and integration in KU basketball: 1952-1975. I have SO much respect, admiration and love for you.

LaVannes MUST NEVER BE FORGOTTEN by KU sports fans and all humanity.

Recalling the pioneers who broke the basketball color line in the Big Seven

These truly brave, courageous men and pioneers were the first African-American basketball players in the Big Seven. They should be greatly commended for their outstanding efforts in breaking the color line and setting the foundation for future black players to he recruited in the Big Seven, Big Eight, and now Big 12. I have tremendous respect, love and admiration for all these historic players.

Here is a look at each of the Big 7’s first African-American players. I also write about Nebraska’s Wilbur Wood, who played at the school from 1907-10 in the Missouri Valley Conference as NU’s first African-American player and just the second black to play college basketball at a predominately white institution.

This project was extensively researched and a true labor of love! These pioneers MUST NEVER BE FORGOTTEN!

Kansas

LaVannes Squires broke the color line in KU basketball and the Big Seven (along with K-State’s Gene Wilson) under coach Phog Allen in 1951-52. A 6-1 guard from Wichita East High School (he played for former KU star Ralph Miller), he averaged 1.0 points in 33 games. A true winner, consummate team player and tireless worker, Squires played on the 1952 national championship team and the national title runner-up squad.

Squires graduated with a business degree in the top-10 percent of his class and worked for the “Look” Magazine Subscription Office in Des Moines as a junior accountant. He eventually became manager of the accounting department of the magazine office before entering the banking profession. The former Jayhawk eventually served as the president of the Bank of Finance. According to his Wikipedia page, he was instrumental in fixing "the bank to make it more fiscally sound and able to abide to business policies. The bank had 1,300 stockholders, which for the first time on August 29, 1974 received their first check that represented the first share paid by the Bank to its holders. He started as the Chief Executive at Bank of Finance in 1964; employed 68 employees when the bank was ranked at number seven in “Black Enterprise: Top 100” in 1975. The “Black Enterprise” list in June 1975 was the third time that the magazine had compiled a list of the 100 largest 'black-owned and/or black managed businesses in the United States.' Despite the original growing pains the bank had to endure in order to become a good business, it still prides itself on the ideal to fill in the economic gaps that existed in the black community. The Bank of Finance had provided financial assistance for the 'creation of medical centers, day care centers, homes for the aged, and a greater number of multiple-unit housing complexes.' They return the money to the local community that they earn from the businesses in the form of payroll purchases.”

Now, age 88, Squires lives in Pasadena, California.

Colorado

Billy Lewis was Colorado's first black player in 1957-58. A 6-3 guard, he averaged 3.6 points and 2.9 rebounds per game in three seasons. Lewis shot 29.1 percent from the field and 43.3 percent from the free throw line in 67 games. Lewis, who scored a career-high 21 points against Nebraska, was also a high jumper on CU's track and field team.

After receiving  his law degree from Howard University, he worked for IBM, opened a private practice in Denver before returning to Washington, D.C., to serve as general counsel for the District of Columbia Board of Election and Ethics.

Nebraska

Wilbur Wood was actually NU's first black player before World War I. He played from 1907-10 in the Missouri Valley Conference. The first Husker three-year lettermen, Wood helped Nebraska earn three straight runner-up finishes in the MVC. 

Herschell Turner and Wilson Fitzpatrick were NU's first black players in the Big Seven in 1957-58. Turner, who hailed from Indianapolis, led Nebraska in rebounding three straight years as just a 6-2 guard. He was also the team's leading scorer all three years and the first Husker to score 1,000 points, while named a Helms All-American and first-team All-Big Eight selection in 1960. He played in the East-West college All-Star game and participated in the 1960 Olympic trials that produced what most observers believe is the greatest U.S team ever.

Turner, who was named to the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame Silver Anniversary team in 1971, was drafted by the Syracuse Nationals in the 6th round (5th pick, 45th overall) of the 1960 NBA draft. An All-ABL second-team selection in 1962, he played for the Anaheim Amigos and Pittsburgh Pipers of the ABA during the 1967–68 season while also competing for the Harlem Globetrotters.

After his pro career ended, he became an exhibited painter.

Turner had a celebrated high school career as well, the runner-up to future Hall of Famer Oscar Robertson as the Indiana high school player of the year his senior season. Turner, who was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 1991, enjoyed a record-setting career at Shortridge High School in Indianapolis, acclaimed as one of the city’s greatest players of all time. He ended his prep career with the single-season and career scoring record, named all-city and all-section.

A forward, Fitzpatrick played just one season at Nebraska and averaged 11.5 points and 6.7 rebounds in 23 games while shooting 39.4 percent from the field and 48.5 percent at the charity stripe.

Oklahoma

Harold "Buddy" Hudson and Joe Lee Thompson, who were high school teammates, broke the color line at OU in 1958-59. Hudson, a transfer from Oklahoma Baptist, averaged 5.0 points and 3.0 rebounds in two seasons (49 games). The 6-2 forward shot 34.9 percent from the field and 63.6 percent at the free throw line.

He worked in school districts in Oklahoma City and Kansas City.

A forward, Thompson averaged 2.5 points and 1.6 rebounds per game in three seasons (38 games). He shot 29.9 percent from the field and 57.4 percent at the free throw line.

Missouri

Al Abram made his debut in 1956-67, which happened to be Wilt Chamberlain’s first season at KU. A star player, Abram led MU in scoring (16.1 ppg), rebounding (8.9 rpg) and field goal shooting (45 percent) in 1958-59. Facing racism and discrimination, Abram was forced to stay in a dorm room at nearby Texas Southern on a road trip to play Rice in Houston.

A 6-5 versatile player, Abram shot 40.9 percent from the field and 70.7 percent at the free throw line in 64 games. He averaged 11.0 points in four seasons.

Abram worked for the City of St. Louis and also the IRS.

Kansas State  

Gene Wilson was signed by KSU coach Jack Gardner and was eligible in 1951-52 as the first black player in the Big 7 (along with KU’s Squires). The 5-11 guard, whose career was interrupted due to military service, averaged 4.2 points and 3.8 rebounds in six games during 1954-55. He shot 33.3 percent from the field and 50.0 percent at the charity stripe.

Wilson, an Anderson, Indiana, native was part of a pipeline of Anderson players at KSU. Wilson’s high school teammates Dick Peck, Bob Rousey and Danny Schuyler preceded him to Manhattan. Their high school coach, Keith Lambert, was a K-State assistant before serving as head coach at Montana State.

Dick Burdette wrote in his book, “Jump, Johnny, Jump!” that Wilson turned down a scholarship offer to Washburn University in Topeka since it was too far from home. But he had a change of heart about moving away to Manhattan (58 miles west of Topeka) after talking to Lambert.

“Go on out there,” Lambert told Wilson. “I’ll be coming to Kansas State as an assistant coach your sophomore season.”

Wilson experienced his share of racial abuse competing at places like Missouri and Kansas. Burdette wrote that “the moment he checked into the lineup (in Lawrence), Phog Allen, the Jayhawks' legendary coach, jumped up and walked down to the end of the bend. Sitting there was KU’s only, and rarely used black player (Squires). 

“Phog Allen sent him into guard Gene. Three straight possessions, Gene’s teammates cleared out to one side of the floor. Three straight times, Gene streaked in for an easy basket. Phog Allen removed (Squires) and sent in a burly KU football player. He soon knocked Gene to the floor. Bob Rousey decked the football player with an overhand right. Neither player was ejected. The game continued. But not the violence.”

In addition to playing hoops at KSU, Wilson competed in track and field with football star Veryl Switzer and was friends with catcher Earl Woods, who was K-State’s first black baseball player in 1951. KSU also broke the color barrier in football in 1949 with Harold Robinson, the first African-American scholarship athlete in the Big Seven. Robinson later received a congratulatory letter from Jackie Robinson, who integrated major league baseball in 1947 with the Brooklyn Dodgers.

After his career in Manhattan, Wilson eventually spent a longtime career as a baseball umpire. As the Topeka Capitol Journal reported on June 14, 2013, Wilson was “one of the first black umpires to work many levels of baseball in northeast Kansas and beyond, Wilson was the consummate professional. So much so he wrote a manual for proper mechanics that was adopted at the national level by the American Legion. In addition, Wilson participated in numerous clinics that were often incorporated into certification requirements.'

“I was really serious about umpiring,” he said. “There were many things I considered important — mechanics, knowing the rules, being respectful. That really won over the fans. And, like anything else, as you go longer in something, the more you know."

He umpired from 1961 into the 1990s, and was enshrined in the inaugural class of the Shawnee County Baseball Hall of Fame in June 2013. Wilson said he was inspired to be an umpire “to be around kids.”

“In Topeka there is quite a fantastic youth program. There have been several players come out of Topeka who went as far as the major leagues and lot of them got drafted. It all got created by those programs and I enjoyed being part of that.”

Iowa State

John Crawford was a tremendous player who became ISU’s first black player in 1955-56, one year before Chamberlain became eligible at KU. Crawford averaged 13.4 points and 9.7 rebounds in three seasons. An All-Big Seven conference selection, he led the team in rebounding all three seasons and in scoring his senior year (14.1 ppg).

A 6-5 forward, Crawford was an instrumental part of the greatest chapters in ISU history. He averaged 12.6 and 9.7 rebounds per game as a sophomore for the Cyclones, who won their first conference tournament title in school history with a 1955 Big Seven Conference Holiday Tournament championship. ISU beat highly favored KU to win the title. That propelled Iowa State to No. 7 in the national polls, the highest ranking in ISU history at the time. The 1955-56 team broke the school record with 18 wins.

As a junior, Crawford averaged a double-double (13.6 ppg, 10.2 rpg), and ISU was ranked as high as No. 3 after beating Chamberlain’s No. 1 ‘Hawks, 37-36. He tied a school record on Dec. 29, 1956 by making all 15 of his free throw attempts.

In his senior campaign, Crawford earned first-team All-Big Seven honors by averaging 14.1 points and 9.1 rebounds. Crawford ended his magical three-year career as the school’s all-time leading rebounder with 658 caroms. His 9.7 career rebounding average ranks seventh all time in school history. He culminated his stellar career ranked second in scoring behind All-American Gary Thompson with 914 points.

Crawford, who was inducted into the school’s Athletic Hall of Fame in 2006, died at age 77 in March 2014.

"John was the first African-American to play basketball at Iowa State, but we never saw it that way. He was just one of us," Thompson said in a statement at the time. "He was a tremendous teammate and a great player. I stayed in contact with John throughout the years. I will miss him dearly."

Crawford was a New York, N.Y.,  native who Cyclones.com described as having “incredible leaping ability.” The 6-5 dynamo led the city and was named MOP in the area at New York School of Printing. ISU coach Bill Strannigan, who “was about to make his mark as one of the greatest mentors in Iowa State history,” was instrumental in bringing Crawford from New York to Ames.

References:

collegehoopedia.com/players/pioneers-who-broke-color-barrier

sports-reference.com/cbb/players

Des Moines Register

Racial integration in college basketball history and at the University of Kansas

I’ve always been fascinated with race relations and race and sports issues. I studied this at KU and am very passionate about the subject. I try to read all I can about the topic. I wrote an 82-page honors thesis at KU my senior year on racial participation and integration in KU basketball: 1952-75. It was the hardest project I’ve ever done, sometimes keeping me up until 4 a.m. in my dorm room. But it was also a labor of love and I’m very proud of how the thesis came out. 

My parents set a great example for me fighting for racial equality and social justice their adult lives. My dad even attended the March on Washington in 1963 and sat next to Jackie Robinson on his plane trip from New York to D.C. I asked him a few years ago why he attended the March when he could have easily stayed home in New York. He looked me in the eye and said: “It was the right thing to do.” He added he was working with civil rights issues at the time as a tireless social worker. I am so passionate about racial equality and social justice, and believe the world would be a much better place if people from different backgrounds could learn to get along.

In this two-part blog, I explore some of the integration in college basketball history and KU’s role in integrating the basketball team with its first African-American player with LaVannes Squires in 1951-52.

...

Recruiting black players to KU was never a high priority for legendary coach Phog Allen until he sought the services of Wilt Chamberlain, the most dominating high school player the game had ever seen. Twenty-two years before Chamberlain arrived on campus, John McLendon followed the path of pioneers Lizzie Ann Smith — the first African-American student to enroll at the University of Kansas in 1876 —  and Blanche K. Bruce — the first African American to graduate from KU in 1885 — when he arrived at Mount Oread in 1933 as the first African American to major in physical education.

McLendon was also the first black to attempt to integrate Kansas basketball at that time. He showed up at KU’s tryouts under Allen, but was never invited to join the team. This would have been an enlightened act on Allen’s part to let McLendon become a Jayhawk, but this was too early in the 30’s for strides to actually happen. (The 5-8, 160-pound McLendon also wasn’t a very talented player; he was cut three times in junior high and high school). 

While McLendon could never crack Allen’s roster, there were a few blacks making inroads on integrated college teams in the early 20th century and in the first half of the century, including pioneers as Wilbur Wood at Nebraska (1908-10), Paul Robeson at Rutgers (1918-19), Cumberland Posey at Penn State, William Kindle at Springfield College, Charles Drew at Amherst, and John H. Johnson and George Gregory at Columbia. Gregory was the first black All-America basketball player in 1930-31, and joined on the Walter Camp team by Purdue guard John Wooden, who would become a Hall of Fame coach at UCLA.

Clair Bee was also a pioneer in those early days of signing African-American players with his Long Island squad. However, Bee and other liberal coaches were a minority. Except for an extremely small sample of African-American players on integrated college teams at the time, blacks were essentially barred from participating in intercollegiate sports.

This was certainly the case at Kansas. Milton Katz wrote in his biography on McLendon, “Breaking Through,” that KU’s “athletic administration barred black students from participating in intercollegiate athletics on the grounds that some schools would refuse to play Kansas if it had an integrated team.”

Allen, who also doubled as KU’s athletic director, was still an old-fashioned man and product of his times.

In 1927, Allen reportedly said “that no colored man will ever have a chance as long as (I am) here.”

Allen, who denied that statement, said a year later: “I do not believe that colored and white boys should play together in any games of physical contact or combat.”

KU Chancellor Ernest H. Lindley made a statement in 1928 describing the rough plight of blacks.

“The bald social fact is that the Negro is not getting his full rights in the University, nor in Lawrence, nor in Kansas, nor anywhere else in this country, so far as I know,”  Lindley said.

Allen’s ideas on race were the polar opposite person as the inventor of basketball James Naismith, then a physical education instructor at KU in his 70s when McLendon enrolled at KU.

Naismith kindly took McLendon under his watch and acted with fatherly guidance to this young student. He helped steer him into the proper courses and helped fight to integrate the swimming pool at Robinson Gym so McLendon could complete his swimming requirement needed in the School of Physical Education.

Naismith, who was born and raised in Canada, saw race in different terms than most Americans at the time. He was color blind like many Canadians and also a strong believer in “muscular christianity,” where basketball and other team sports were used as a tool to mold character, self-discipline and ethical values,” Katz wrote.

Katz wrote that “according to McLendon, Naismith deplored any form of discrimination, segregation, or prejudice. The professor treated all of his students equally.”

“Dr. Naismith didn’t know anything about color or nationality,” McLendon told Katz. “He was so unconscious about your economic or religious background. He just saw everyone as potential. There wasn’t anything in his body that responded to anything racist.”

With Naismith acting as the guiding foundation for the young McLendon, the latter would make his mark as the first African-American student at KU to graduate with a physical education degree and later become a trailblazing coach and one who basketball legend and Hall of Famer Julius Erving nicknamed "The Father of Black Basketball.”

McLendon was the first coach to win three straight national championships (at Tennessee State from 1957-59), the first black coach of an integrated professional team (the ABL’s Cleveland Pipers), the first black coach in the ABA, the first black coach to publish a basketball book, the first black coach on the Olympic staff, and the first black coach inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame.

As stated in “Breaking Through,”

“McLendon’s amazing career culminated in his efforts as a basketball ambassador; he traveled to fifty-eight countries teaching the fundamentals of the game and the value of sportsmanship, and many believe he contributed more to the proliferation of basketball worldwide than any other individual.”

Despite not earning a spot on the KU roster, McLendon never felt any ill well toward Allen.

“It was Dr. Allen’s job to resist integration. He was the AD,” McLendon told Blair Kerkhoff in his book on Phog Allen. “The whole school knew it was an area where he’d be challenged. He practically apologized to me. But as quickly as he could he got black players on his team.”

“Phog’s ideas about integration in athletics were ambiguous. In the 1930s, he was a fan of Jesse Owens and one year voted for him to win the Sullivan Award,” Kerkhoff wrote.

Twelve years after McLendon graduated from KU, Jerry Waugh, who played for Allen from 1947-51, said Phog called a team meeting in ‘48 “to decide whether we would accept a black player.”

As Allen told Waugh and the team:

“’This changes the travel arrangements, changes eating accommodations and it presents so many problems,’” Waugh recalled Allen saying in a 2015 interview.

“Most of us, I didn’t give any thought to that,” Waugh said about Allen’s sentiments. “I thought we’d go with Doc. Later on, I thought about it, why what was the problem then, and I didn’t see a problem, when maybe I should have seen the problem.” 

Waugh said that Allen “had his biases. It was the times. It wasn’t that he was different from anybody else at that time.”

Charles H. Martin wrote in the Indiana Magazine of History: “The Color Line in Midwestern College Sports, 1890-1960,” Volume 98, Issue 2 about more of Allen’s biases.

“At the University of Kansas, many students supported the recruitment of African Americans, but university coaches were slower to act than their counterparts at Kansas State. After World War II, black and liberal white students at the university established a local civil rights movement, which challenged discrimination in housing, movie theaters, restaurants, and eventually athletics. Perhaps influenced by this campus activism, Kansas Chancellor Deane W. Malott decided in May 1947 to drop the school’s Jim Crow policy for sports. Malott announced that ‘any regularly enrolled student at KU may try out for intercollegiate athletics,’ provided he met conference eligibility requirements. But Phog Allen, the highly successful basketball coach of the Jayhawks, publicly denied that there had been any change in policy for his teams and instead recommended that African Americans participate in track and field, because that sport ‘didn’t require as much body contact as basketball.’

The New York Times reported on March 20, 1947 that one of Allen’s critics sarcastically stated that the coach “would rather lose ever every game on the schedule than allow a Negro to play on his team.”

Blacks were denied access to the basketball team and to various restaurants in Lawrence outside campus in the late 1940s. On campus, blacks were integrated into white culture, history professor Douglas Harvey wrote in KUhistory.com:

“African-American students at the University of Kansas found themselves in something of a Twilight Zone. On campus, they existed in an environment that – officially, at least – was completely colorblind. They mingled with white students in integrated classrooms, could live in integrated dormitories, and were served in the Kansas Union’s cafeteria without a second thought.

“But just a few steps off campus, African Americans entered a world where prejudice reigned and service was denied. ... Blacks were denied the right to eat in Lawrence restaurants or attend nightclubs. In a 1947 survey by CORE (the Lawrence chapter of the Committee on Racial Equality, which was renamed the Congress on Racial Equality in 1950), the activist group found that 15 area cafes and nightclubs “did not serve ‘Negroes’, the word used for blacks at the time.”

References:"Beyond Jim Brown: The Story of Race Relations in Lawrence" by Dr. Bill Tuttle Feb. 12, 2009 in larryville.com